Question | Answer |
If a mitochondrion has a length of 5 µm and a student’s drawing of the mitochondrion is 10 mm, what is the magnification of the drawing? | x2000
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What does the size of the standard deviation indicate about data? | How widely the data are spread above and below the mean
| What property of water makes it a good evaporative coolant? | high heat of vaporization
| Which bases are connected to its complementary base in a base pair by three hydrogen bonds? | A and T
| Describe the tertiary structure of proteins. | interactions from R groups
| What is the function of cellulose in plants? | cell wall
| What route is used to export proteins from the cell? | Rough endoplasmic reticulum → Golgi apparatus → plasma membrane
| What is a difference between cohesion and adhesion? | c:water to water a:water to other substances
| Compare osmosis and diffusion | both passive; d: particles o:water
| What property of water makes it good for transporting material around a living organism? | solvent
| What type of ribosomes are found in prokayotes? | 80S
| What organelle is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes? | ribosomes
| What enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds in DNA replication? | helicase
| What enzyme links Okazaki fragments? | ligase
| If there is 20% adenine in a DNA sample, how much cytosine would you expect? | 30%
| What is denaturation? | permanent change in the shape of a protein
| What are Okazaki fragments? | sections of DNA created on lagging strand
| What is the nucleosome? | DNA plus histones
| What is a competitive inhibitor? | block active site; same shape as substrate
| What is the reaction called when a disaccharide is created from 2 monosaccharides? | Condensation
| What is exocytosis? | removal of material from a cell using vesicles
| What is the first part of a newly created strand called? | RNA primer
| What type of transport moves material against the concentration gradient with the use of energy? | active transport
| What is the indicator of proteins? | Biuret
| In what direction is a new strand of DNA made? | 5-3
| What type of substances does water dissolve? | polar and ionic
| What factor affects the rate of diffusion? | temperature
| What process do prokaryotes use to divide? | binary fission
| What are the building blocks of nucleic acids? | nucleotides
| What are the building blocks of proteins? | amino acids
| What statistical test shows the difference between means of 2 different groups? | ttest
| What is the charge of oxygen in a polar water molecule? | negative
| How do enzymes speed up a chemical reaction? | lower activation energy
| What enzyme elongates the new DNA strand? | DNA polymerase III
| What type of bond exists between amino acids? | peptide
| What type of bond exists between monosaccharides? | glycosidic linkage
| What type of bond exists between glycerol and fatty acids? | ester
| What type of bond exists between nuecleotides? | phosphodiester
| What type of bond exists between the 3 parts of a nucleotide? | covalent
| The type of transport that requires a protein channel but no energy | facilitated diffusion
| Term used to describe the replication of DNA | semiconservative
| Results from unequal sharing of electrons | polarity
| What is essential for diffusion? | concentration gradient
| If a cell has a diameter of 10um and a student shows it with a diameter of 50mm, what is the magnification of the drawing? | x5000
| In DNA, the 3' and 5" refer to_____ | carbon position
| Describe the structure of a phospholipid. | hydrophobic tail (Fatty acid), hydrophilic head (phosphate group)
| If a potato is placed in a hypertonic solution, what will happen? | shrink
| What is the purpose of cholesterol in a plasma membrane? | stabilize fluidity
| What is the term used to describe the shortest distance between 2 points that can be distinguished? | resolution
| How can cells in multicellular organisms differentiate? | express some but not all genes
| Model describing how proteins coated the surface of the cell membrane | Davson-Danielli
| Name of the current model of cell membrane | Singer-Nicholson
| The term used to describe what happens when a cell is place in a hypotonic solution? | Lysis
| What type of active transport moves 2 substances at the same time in opposite directions, ex. Na/K pump | antiport
| What type of molecules can diffuse easiest through the cell membrane? | small, hydrophobic
| A cell has cytoplasm, naked DNA and ribosomes, what type of cell is it? | prokaryote
| Calculate the standard deviation of: 45, 38, 52, 48, 25, 39, 51, 46, 55, 46 | 8.7
| What is a series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell? | metabolism
| Describe anabolism | synthesis, water produced, enyzmes required
| Describe a saturated fatty acid | solid, single bonds, solid at room temp
| Compare the thermal properties of methane and water | Water=polar, higherWha density, specific heat, heat of vaporization, melting point and boiling point
| Why is solid water being less dense that liquid water important to living organisms? | aquatic animals can survive in cold environments
| Compare amylose and amylopectin. | both 1-4 link, amylopectin branched at 1-6
| Compare cis and trans fatty acids. | cis (same side, usually liquid bc double bond causes bend) trans (opp side, usually solid, tightly pack bc linear)
| Compare lipids and carbohydrates for energy storage | carbs: quick, take up more mass bc stored with water, less energy/gram compared to lipids
| How is BMI calculated? | mass in kg/height in meters squared then compared to standard chart
| How is maltose made? | glucose + glucose
| Identify functions of lipids | membranes, insulation, store energy, waterproofing, hormones, protection
| What is a four ring lipid structure known as? | steroid
| What is the central dogma of genetics? | DNA to RNA to polypeptide
| If a polypeptide contains 25 amino acids how many different polypeptides could be created? | 20 to the 25th power
| Compare fibrous and globular proteins | F: long, narrow, mostly functions in structure, insoluble G: round, spherical, mostly function as enzymes, soluble
| What affects the proteome besides the genome? | environment, nutrition, temperature, activity levels
| Why does water need to be present for enzymatic reactions? | particles dissolved in water move in random motion that allow enzyme/substrate to come in contact with one another
| How is lactose free milk made? | lactase from yeast bound to alginate beads, milk passed over beads, lactose broken down into glucose and galactose
| What are 3 advantages commercially to lactose free milk? | increases sweetness, less crystallization when used in ice cream, lower production time in cheese and yogurts
| What indicator is used for simple sugars? | Benedicts solution |