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| Question | Answer |
| What is geography? | Geography is the study of where people, places, and things are located and how they relate to each other. | How do geographers use technology to study the earth? | Geographers use sonar, satellites, GPS, and GIS to gather information about the earth. | What’s the difference between a formal region and a functional region? | Formal regions are areas in which certain characteristics are found throughout the area (for example Oklahoma or Canada) while functional regions consist of a central place and the surrounding places affected by it (for example the Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan area) | How can human movement affect the environment? | When people move to an area, they may change the environment by bringing in new plants, irrigating, and building roads and structures. Migration can strain an area’s natural resources. | When might absolute location be of interest to a geographer? | To convey the precise location of a place. | When might relative location be more useful to a geographer? | To plan a journey or determine how long it takes to get from one place to another. | What is the difference between the core of the earth and the mantle? | The core, or center, of the earth consists of very hot metal, mainly iron mixed with some nickel; the mantle surrounds the core and is a thick layer of rock. | What is the continental drift theory? | It’s a theory that propose there was once a single “supercontinent” that eventually broke up into separate continents. | How do forces inside the earth affect its surface? | Magma can cause volcanic eruptions, and stresses can fold, fault, or fracture rock. | How do the theories of continental drift and seafloor spreading support the theory of plate tectonics? | Continental drift suggested that the plates had been arranged differently in the past, and seafloor spreading demonstrated how convection could move plates. | What is weathering? | It is the breakdown of rock at or near the earth’s surface into smaller and smaller pieces. | Is acid rain an example of mechanical or chemical weathering? | Chemical weathering | What is erosion? | It is the movement of weathered materials such as gravel, soil, and sand. | What are the three most common causes of erosion? | Water, wind, and glaciers. | How does chemical weathering differ in nature from mechanical weathering? | Mechanical weathering breaks apart rock; chemical weathering alters a rock’s chemical makeup by changing the minerals that form the rock. | How does the earth’s position in relationshp to the sun affect weather and climate? | The earth’s tilt and revolution around the sun affect the angle of the sun’s rays on different parts of the earth. | Why does summer occur in Australia at the same time that winter occurs in North America? | When the Southern Hemisphere is tilted toward the sun, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from it. | Why does one side of a mountain range sometimes have significantly less precipitation than the other side? | Warm, moist air is forced upward when passing over the mountains causing precipitation on the windward side; the air is cool and dry by the time it reaches the other side. | What distinguishes a deciduous forest from a coniferous forest? | Deciduous trees have broad, flat leaves that are she during one season, while coniferous trees have long, thin needles that stay on the tree all year long. | What is culture? | The beliefs and actions that define a group of people’s way of life. | What is a cultural hearth? | It refers to a place where important ideas begin and from which they spread to surrounding cultures. | Which four regions of the world have the densest concentration of people? | East and South Asia, Europe, eastern North America. | What are several ways in which cultures can differ from one another? | Cultures may differ from one another in the following ways: language, food, clothing, manners, eating customs, architecture, arts, crafts, technology, religions, spiritual beliefs, patterns of behavior, government, education, or gender roles. | What is the difference between cultural convergence and cultural divergence? | Cultural convergence occurs when the skills, arts, ideas, habits, and institutions of one culture come in contact with those of another culture; cultural divergence occurs when there is a restriction of a culture from outside cultural influences. | What characteristics do all countries have in common? | They all have clearly defined territories, populations, sovereignty, and government. | How does a market economy differ from a command economy? | A market economy gives freedom to individuals and groups, while a command economy is controlled by the central government. | In which type of government structure do local states have the greatest power? Explain. | Confederations: the smaller political units keep their sovereignty and give the central government very limited powers. | Is totalitarianism an authoritarian or democratic system of government? Explain. | Authoritarian: a totalitarian government tries to control every part of society, including politics, the economy, and people’s personal lives. | What is subsistence farming? | People grow only enough food for their own family’s or village’s needs. | What is a cottage industry? | An activity that usually involves the production of something by hand. | What challenge can result from overuse of renewable resources? | The resources can be depleted. | How does farming vary between developing economies and advanced economies? | In developing economies, most farming is subsistence; in more advanced economies, farming is mainly commercial. | How can global trade patterns affect economic development? | Wealthy nations invest in less developed nations; the exchange of goods, services, and information can help promote economic change. |