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QR Challenge: Chapter 11: Rome & Christianity

QuestionAnswer
1. Who was Cicero?A philosopher and orator who wanted to make Rome a better place
2. What problems plagued Rome in the 70s BC?Wars, breakdown of political order, riots, overcrowding
3. How might Cicero have been more successful in his efforts to improve Rome?Possible answer—appeal more to people’s self-interest
4. What position did Caesar first hold in the government?General
5. Why did Caesar cross the Rubicon with his army?Caesar wanted to force a confrontation with Pompey, so he entered Rome with his army to fight
6. What did Caesar do to Pompey?Pursued him for a year until Pompey was defeated in Greece
7. Why was Caesar killed?Romans, especially Senators, feared that Caesar was trying to make himself king.
8. How did most Romans feel about the death of Caesar?Angry
9. What happened to Caesar’s killers after the assassination?Marc Antony and Octavian defeated them, and the leaders killed themselves.
10. Why did Octavian turn against Marc Antony?Antony divorced his wife, who was Octavian’s sister, in order to marry Cleopatra. Octavian saw this as an insult to his sister and to himself.
11. What kinds of economic resources did Romans want?Gold, farmland, and other valuable resources
12. What areas did the Romans take over by the early 100s?Gaul & central Europe
13. Why do you think a Roman sailor would be glad that Rome controlled the entire Mediterranean Sea?Possible answer—because there would be few pirates and many friendly ports
14. What is an example of an important medical discovery during the Roman Empire?Galen’s description of the valves of the heart and the differences between arteries and veins
15. Why was cement such a useful material?It was very hard and watertight when it dried.
16. What architectural features did the Romans copy from the Greeks?Columns, covering buildings with marble
17. How were the Romans able to increase the size of their buildings?By combining arches to create vaults
18. What are four types of art at which the Romans excelled?Possible answers—mosaics, paintings, frescoes, portraits, sculpture
19. What kind of religion did Romans practice?They worshipped many gods and held many festivals to honor them.
20. From what peoples did Romans adopt some gods?Greeks, Egyptians, Gauls, and Persians
21. How did the Romans deal with other religions?They generally permitted other religions and often adopted gods and beliefs from other religions; only when a religious group caused a problem did Rome restrict them.
22. When did Rome conquer Judea?63 BCE
23. How was Hadrian’s policy different from previous Roman policies?Hadrian banned the practice of some Jewish rituals and eventually destroyed Jerusalem.
24. Although the Romans did not ban Judaism, why did the Jews continue to rebel?They wanted to be ruled only by Jews and did not want to worship Roman gods and violate their religious beliefs.
25. On what religion were the teachings of Christianity based?Judaism
26. Why did many Jews believe the Messiah would soon appear?Prophets had been announcing the coming arrival of the Messiah.
27. Where is the story of Jesus recorded?In the New Testament of the Bible
28. Why was Jesus arrested and executed?He was a threat to the authority of political and religious leaders in Judea.
29. Why do Christians consider the Resurrection important?It was proof to many that Jesus was the Messiah.
30. How did Jesus spread his message?He traveled from village to village, speaking to the Jewish people.
31. What two teachings of Jesus were rooted in Jewish traditions?Love for God and love for others
32. Why did different denominations of Christianity develop over time?Because different people interpreted the teachings of Jesus in different ways
33. Who were the Apostles?12 close followers of Jesus who spread
his teachings after the Resurrection
34. Why were the Gospels important?They provide information about Jesus’s life.
35. Why was it important for the Christian Church to break away from Judaism?Possible answer—because Jesus was believed to be the Messiah and his teachings differed from Jewish law
36. Why might persecution have made Christianity stronger?Possible answer—It created unity among Christians.
37. What problems did Rome face in the 100s and 200s?Difficulty of ruling large empire, attacks by Germanic warriors and Persian armies, food shortages, German communities ignore emperors, disease, high taxes
38. Why do you think power moved east when Constantine moved the empire’s capital?Possible answers—The power went with the emperor; power was in the capital, which had moved.
39. How did the Romans deal with Goth invaders?They sent armies against the invaders and even paid some invaders not to attack.
40. What sequence of events led to the sack of Rome in 410?The Huns pushed the Goths into Roman territory; the Goths defeated western Roman armies; Goths were paid to withhold their attacks on Rome; when payments from Rome stopped, the Goths destroyed Rome.
41. What factors weakened Roman government?The empire was too large to govern efficiently; corrupt officials ignored needs of citizens.
42. What were the effects of wealthy citizens leaving Rome?Rome’s population decreased, taxes and prices soared, schools closed, and wealthy citizens set up estates in the countryside with their own private armies, which weakened the emperors.
43. Which factor do you think played the biggest part in the downfall of Rome Why?Answers will vary, but students should indicate a rationale for their choice.
44. What were Justinian’s passions as emperor?Reuniting the old Roman Empire, organizing Roman law, and the church
45. Who was Theodora, and what role did she play in the Byzantine Empire?She was the wife of Emperor Justinian; she helped him rule effectively.
46. Why did the empire decline after the rule of the emperor Justinian?Invaders took over land, Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople, non-Roman cultural influences took hold in the east
47. In what ways did the eastern empire change from the western empire?People began to speak Greek rather than Latin and interpret and practice Christianity differently.
48. What caused the complete division of eastern and western Europe?Two societies developed with different languages and cultures. The division was complete when the Christian Church divided.

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