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| Question | Answer |
| How did the crop rotation system that developed in Britain during the agricultural revolution increase crop yields? | by increasing nutrients in the soil | Which industry was the first area to undergo major industrialization? | textile | By the late 1700s, where was the best place to find a water frame and a spinning mule? | a factory | Who defended the free-market system of capitalism in the book, The Wealth of Nations? | Adam Smith | According to utilitarianism, what should government policies promote? | the greatest good for the greatest number of people | With which system is Karl Marx most closely associated? | communism | In the early 19th Century, who carried out collective bargaining? | employers and employees | What was a benefit of the railroad in Britain? | It offered cheap transportation for materials and goods. | How did the philosophy of laissez-faire economics influence early industrialists? | with ideas of a free-market economy governed by natural laws, not government regulations | What was the Industrial Revolution? | increased output of machine-made goods that began in England during the 18th-century | What were the three factors of production required to drive the industrial revolution? | land, labor, capital | What is the laissez-faire policy? | a policy that let owners of industry set working conditions without government interference | What is the name for the voluntary associations of workers seeking labor reforms? | unions | What was the impact of the steam engine on the production of British goods? | It launched the railway age that brought the transportation of people and materials to a new level. | How did the Industrial Revolution affect cities? | It caused the population to grow faster than the housing supply | Which factor played a major role in the industrialization of the United States? | railroads | What impact did technological advances have on industry? | Production of goods was increased. | Who was the American inventor and industrialist who made factory production more efficient by introducing the assembly line? | Henry Ford | Why was the work of Louis Pasteur important in the history of medicine? | He found that bacteria caused diseases. | How did Britain's economy affect the process of industrialization? | positively, by Britain's highly developed banking system, availability of loans, and climate of progress | What was the main cause of the process of urbanization that occurred in 19th-century Britain and elsewhere in Western Europe? | industrialization | What was a geographic advantage for England in the Industrial Revolution? | natural harbors | What happened to the cost of consumer goods as a result of the Industrial Revolution? | prices dropped | During the Industrial Revolution, England experienced the greatest population migration from? | agricultural settings to urban settings | What was a central criticism of capitalism during the Industrial Revolution? | unfair distribution of wealth | According to Marx and Engels, who should primarily control the factors of industrial production? | workers |