| Question | Answer |
| 1) Define and Explain 'Isotope' | Nuclei of the same element with a different number of Neutrons but the same number of Protons. Although the same element Isotopes can have different properties to the common element. Some Isotopes are unstable and therefore radioactive.
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2) How did Rutherford scattering change the understanding of the structure of the Atom | Plum pudding model solid, Nuclear model, Mass at centre, Positive Nucleus, Mostly space. Explain scattering observations.
| 3) How many Nucleons and what are they, are there in the following elements. Bismuth, Boron, Oxygen | Bismuth A= 209, Z = 83, N= 126; Boron A= 11, Z=5; N= 6; Oxygen A= 16, Z=8, N=8.
| 4) Explain why the number of Neutrons in stable Nuclides increases as the A number increases | Neutrons dilute the effect of electrostatic forces pushing protons apart, in this way the SNF is able to hold the nucleus together
| 5) State the Forces in the Nucleus and state which forces act between which Nucleon | Gravity acts between Neutrons and Protons, Electrostatic - Only Protons, SNF - Neutrons and Protons, WNF - Both
| 6) Define Hadron and Lepton | Hadrons = Protons and Neutrons all particles affected by the SNF; Leptons = electrons - not affected by SNF
| 7) List the Quark composition of the following : Proton, Neutron, pi+ Meson, Phi Meson | uud, udd,ud_,ss
| 8)What is the process of producing energy from Nuclear Fission, write a Nuclear equation for fission | U235 nucleus absorbs a thermal neutron, unstable U236 splits into two fragments liberating three fast Neutrons and energy according to E=mc2
| 9) Explain the roles of the following in a modern nuclear power station : Graphite moderator, Boron control rods, coolant | slows neutrons, damps neutron flux, transfers heat from core
| 10) Define and explain BE and BEPN, how is this relevant to Fission and Fusion | BE = minimum energy needed to pull nucleus apart into its separate nucleons, BEPN = BE/A
| 11)Define the Decay constant, half life, Activity | D =probability that an individual nucleus will decay per time interval HL = of a radioisotope is the mean time taken for half of the active nuclei in a sample to decay; A =rate at which a radioisotope decays
| 12) Sketch and label an X-Ray tube to show how it works | Vacuum, electrons, spinning anode, filament, window, x-rays, collimator
| 13) Explain Braking and Characteristic radiation | See book
| 14) Sketch three absorption mechanisms by which x-Rays are absorbed as they pass through matter | photoelectric, Compton, Pair production
| 15) What are the advantages and disadvantages of X-Ray imaging and CAT scans | see book |
