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QR Challenge: Unit 8 - Control of gene expression

Created using the ClassTools QR Treasure Hunt Generator

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Teacher Notes

A. Prior to the lesson:

1. Arrange students into groups. Each group needs at least ONE person who has a mobile device.

2. If their phone camera doesn't automatically detect and decode QR codes, ask students to

3. Print out the QR codes.

4. Cut them out and place them around your class / school.

B. The lesson:

1. Give each group a clipboard and a piece of paper so they can write down the decoded questions and their answers to them.

2. Explain to the students that the codes are hidden around the school. Each team will get ONE point for each question they correctly decode and copy down onto their sheet, and a further TWO points if they can then provide the correct answer and write this down underneath the question.

3. Away they go! The winner is the first team to return with the most correct answers in the time available. This could be within a lesson, or during a lunchbreak, or even over several days!

C. TIPS / OTHER IDEAS

4. A detailed case study in how to set up a successful QR Scavenger Hunt using this tool can be found here.

Questions / Answers (teacher reference)

Question

Answer

1. 1) Define the following types of mutations: substitution, deletion, addition, duplication, inversion and translocation.Substitution – one or more bases are swapped for another, deletion – one or more bases are removed, addition – one or more bases are added, duplication – one or more bases are repeated, inversion – a sequence of bases is reversed, translocation – sequence of bases moved from one location in the genome to another.
2. 2) Suggest how a mutation can lead to the production of a protein that has one amino acid missing.Deletion mutation of three bases (a triplet)
3. 3) Suggest how the production of a protein with one amino acid missing may lead to a genetic disorder.Change in tertiary structure so a non-functional protein is produced.
4. 4) Give the four types of stem cells (based on differentiation) and where they are foundTotipotent – first few divisions of an embryo, pluripotent – embryos, multipotent – adults (e.g. bone marrow), unipotent – adults (e.g. skin)
5. 5) What are iPS cells and why are they important to medicine?Induced pluripotent cells, can be used to treat human disorders such as Parkinson’s.
6. 6) Explain the three possible consequences of a substitution mutation.Forms a stop codon so could possibly make a non-functional protein, forms a different amino acid so could possibly alter the binding site of an enzyme causing it to be non-functional, forms the same amino acid as the genetic code is degenerate.
7. 7) Evaluate the following statement: the deletion of a single base would be more harmful than the deletion of a triplet.Depends on where the single base deletion is. It would be more harmful if it was at the beginning of the sequence as it would cause a frameshift mutation that would alter all triplets. A deletion of a triplet would only remove that amino acid, but could also alter the tertiary structure of the protein. Overall the single base deletion has the possibility to cause more harm than the deletion of a triplet.
8. 8) Explain how a mutation in a gene could lead to the production of a non-functional enzyme.Change in the base sequence of DNA leads to a change in the amino acid sequence. This changes the hydrogen bonds leading to a change in structure of the tertiary structure/active site. Substrate can no longer bind as it’s no longer complementary.
9. 9) Give the four types of stem cells (based on differentiation) and what they are able to differentiate into.Totipotent – any type of body cell, pluripotent – any cell in the body except the placenta, multipotent – few different types of cell (e.g. bone marrow into blood cells), unipotent – one type of cell (e.g. epidermal skin cells)
10. 10) Suggest how transcription factors can reprogramme cells to form iPS cells.Attach to gene/promotor to stimulate or inhibit transcription.
11. 11) Describe how oestrogen stimulates the expression of a gene.Oestrogen diffuses through the cell-membrane, binds to a receptor molecule of the transcriptional factor (complementary), oestrogen changes shape of transcriptional factor, transcriptional factor binds with DNA and begins transcription.
12. 12) Define epigenetics.Heritable changes in gene function without changes to the base sequence of DNA.
13. 13) Explain the effect of increased methylation and decreased acetylation on gene expression.Gene will be switched off due to, methylation preventing the binding of transcriptional factors to DNA and attracting proteins that condense the DNA-histone complex, decreased acetylation increases positive charges on the histones increasing their attraction to phosphate groups of DNA so DNA not accessible to transcription factors.
14. 14) Explain how increased methylation could lead to cancer.Methyl groups added to tumour suppressor gene, transcription of tumour suppressor gene is inhibited, leading to uncontrolled cell division.
15. 15) What is meant by a malignant tumour?Mass of undifferentiated cells going through uncontrolled cell division and spread to other parts of the body.
16. 16) Describe the effect of siRNA on gene expression.Double stranded RNA is broken up into siRNA, one of these strands combines with an enzyme, siRNA strand pairs with complimentary bases on mRNA strand, enzyme cuts mRNA into smaller pieces.
17. 17) How does gel electrophoresis separate different proteins?By mass and by charge of the proteins
18. 18) Give the name of the method used to clone DNA in vitro.PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
19. 19) What is a DNA probe?Piece of single stranded DNA complementary to a know base sequence.
20. 20) Describe the polymerase chain reaction.Heat DNA, breaks open hydrogen bonds/separates strands, add primers, add nucleotides, cool, to allow binding of nucleotides, DNA polymerase, to join DNA nucleotides, repeat cycle many times.
21. 21) Explain why molecular biologists often use plasmids which contain antibiotic resistance genes.Acts as a marker gene, allows detection of cells containing plasmid.
22. 22) Describe how a gene can be isolated from human DNA.Use restriction endonuclease, to cut DNA in specific base sequence.
23. 23) Explain how sticky ends are useful in genetic engineering.Joining two pieces of DNA, by complementary binding.
24. 24) In PCR, why is DNA heated to 95 °C?To separate the strands.
25. 25) What is the role of a primer in PCR?Enables replication to start

 


Unit 8 - Control of gene expression: QR Challenge

https://www.classtools.net/QR/decode.php?text=1) Define-the-following-types-of-mutations:-substitution,-deletion,-addition,-duplication,-inversion-and-translocation.

Question 1 (of 25)

 


Unit 8 - Control of gene expression: QR Challenge

https://www.classtools.net/QR/decode.php?text=2) Suggest-how-a-mutation-can-lead-to-the-production-of-a-protein-that-has-one-amino-acid-missing.

Question 2 (of 25)

 


Unit 8 - Control of gene expression: QR Challenge

https://www.classtools.net/QR/decode.php?text=3) Suggest-how-the-production-of-a-protein-with-one-amino-acid-missing-may-lead-to-a-genetic-disorder.

Question 3 (of 25)

 


Unit 8 - Control of gene expression: QR Challenge

https://www.classtools.net/QR/decode.php?text=4) Give-the-four-types-of-stem-cells-(based-on-differentiation)-and-where-they-are-found

Question 4 (of 25)

 


Unit 8 - Control of gene expression: QR Challenge

https://www.classtools.net/QR/decode.php?text=5) What-are-iPS-cells-and-why-are-they-important-to-medicine?

Question 5 (of 25)

 


Unit 8 - Control of gene expression: QR Challenge

https://www.classtools.net/QR/decode.php?text=6) Explain-the-three-possible-consequences-of-a-substitution-mutation.

Question 6 (of 25)

 


Unit 8 - Control of gene expression: QR Challenge

https://www.classtools.net/QR/decode.php?text=7) Evaluate-the-following-statement:-the-deletion-of-a-single-base-would-be-more-harmful-than-the-deletion-of-a-triplet.

Question 7 (of 25)

 


Unit 8 - Control of gene expression: QR Challenge

https://www.classtools.net/QR/decode.php?text=8) Explain-how-a-mutation-in-a-gene-could-lead-to-the-production-of-a-non-functional-enzyme.

Question 8 (of 25)

 


Unit 8 - Control of gene expression: QR Challenge

https://www.classtools.net/QR/decode.php?text=9) Give-the-four-types-of-stem-cells-(based-on-differentiation)-and-what-they-are-able-to-differentiate-into.

Question 9 (of 25)

 


Unit 8 - Control of gene expression: QR Challenge

https://www.classtools.net/QR/decode.php?text=10) Suggest-how-transcription-factors-can-reprogramme-cells-to-form-iPS-cells.

Question 10 (of 25)

 


Unit 8 - Control of gene expression: QR Challenge

https://www.classtools.net/QR/decode.php?text=11) Describe-how-oestrogen-stimulates-the-expression-of-a-gene.

Question 11 (of 25)

 


Unit 8 - Control of gene expression: QR Challenge

https://www.classtools.net/QR/decode.php?text=12) Define-epigenetics.

Question 12 (of 25)

 


Unit 8 - Control of gene expression: QR Challenge

https://www.classtools.net/QR/decode.php?text=13) Explain-the-effect-of-increased-methylation-and-decreased-acetylation-on-gene-expression.

Question 13 (of 25)

 


Unit 8 - Control of gene expression: QR Challenge

https://www.classtools.net/QR/decode.php?text=14) Explain-how-increased-methylation-could-lead-to-cancer.

Question 14 (of 25)

 


Unit 8 - Control of gene expression: QR Challenge

https://www.classtools.net/QR/decode.php?text=15) What-is-meant-by-a-malignant-tumour?

Question 15 (of 25)

 


Unit 8 - Control of gene expression: QR Challenge

https://www.classtools.net/QR/decode.php?text=16) Describe-the-effect-of-siRNA-on-gene-expression.

Question 16 (of 25)

 


Unit 8 - Control of gene expression: QR Challenge

https://www.classtools.net/QR/decode.php?text=17) How-does-gel-electrophoresis-separate-different-proteins?

Question 17 (of 25)

 


Unit 8 - Control of gene expression: QR Challenge

https://www.classtools.net/QR/decode.php?text=18) Give-the-name-of-the-method-used-to-clone-DNA-in-vitro.

Question 18 (of 25)

 


Unit 8 - Control of gene expression: QR Challenge

https://www.classtools.net/QR/decode.php?text=19) What-is-a-DNA-probe?

Question 19 (of 25)

 


Unit 8 - Control of gene expression: QR Challenge

https://www.classtools.net/QR/decode.php?text=20) Describe-the-polymerase-chain-reaction.

Question 20 (of 25)

 


Unit 8 - Control of gene expression: QR Challenge

https://www.classtools.net/QR/decode.php?text=21) Explain-why-molecular-biologists-often-use-plasmids-which-contain-antibiotic-resistance-genes.

Question 21 (of 25)

 


Unit 8 - Control of gene expression: QR Challenge

https://www.classtools.net/QR/decode.php?text=22) Describe-how-a-gene-can-be-isolated-from-human-DNA.

Question 22 (of 25)

 


Unit 8 - Control of gene expression: QR Challenge

https://www.classtools.net/QR/decode.php?text=23) Explain-how-sticky-ends-are-useful-in-genetic-engineering.

Question 23 (of 25)

 


Unit 8 - Control of gene expression: QR Challenge

https://www.classtools.net/QR/decode.php?text=24) In-PCR,-why-is-DNA-heated-to-95-°C?

Question 24 (of 25)

 


Unit 8 - Control of gene expression: QR Challenge

https://www.classtools.net/QR/decode.php?text=25) What-is-the-role-of-a-primer-in-PCR?

Question 25 (of 25)