"Ch. 15 - Animals of the Benthic Environment": HTML5 Crossword

Across

1. Animals that live buried in the soft substrate (sand or mud). (7)
7. A member of the phylum of animals that have bilateral symmetry in larval forms and usually a five-sided radial symmetry as adults. Benthic and possessing rigid or articulating exoskeletons of calcium carbonate with spines, members of this phylum include sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies. (10)
9. The total mass of a defined organism or group of organisms in a particular community or in the ocean as a whole. (7)
10. An organism that depends on a combination of autotrophic and heterotrophic behavior to meet its energy requirements. Many coral reef species exhibit such behavior. (9)
12. The portion of the intertidal zone that lies between the lowest low tide shoreline and the highest low tide shoreline. (11)
13. The ocean floor within the foreshore region that is covered by the highest normal tides and exposed by the lowest normal tides, including the water environment of tide pools within this region. (14)
14. A hydrothermal vent on the ocean floor that emits a black cloud of hot water filled with dissolved metal particles. (11)
16. A calcareous organic reef composed significantly of solid coral and coral sand. Algae may be responsible for more than half of the CaCO3 reef material. Found in waters where the minimum average monthly temperature is 18° C or higher. (9)
18. A process by which bacteria or archaea synthesize organic molecules from inorganic nutrients using chemical energy released from the bonds of a chemical compound (such as hydrogen sulfide) by oxidation. (14)
19. A mollusk, such as an oyster or a clam, that has a shell consisting of two hinged valves. (7)
20. An elongated segmented worm. (7)

Down

2. One of the three major domains of life. It consists of simple microscopic bacterialike creatures and other microscopic life-forms that prefer environments of extreme conditions of temperature and/or pressure. (7)
3. An extensive bed of various species of macroscopic brown algae that provides a habitat for many other types of marine organisms. (10)
4. A member of the phylum of soft, unsegmented animals usually protected by a calcareous shell and having a muscular foot for locomotion. Examples include snails, clams, chitons, and octopi. (7)
5. The microbe-rich region beneath the sea floor. (13)
6. Stormlike occurrences of rapid current movement affecting the deep ocean floor. They are believed to be caused by warm- and cold-core eddies of surface currents. (12)
8. A member of the class of subphylum Arthropoda that includes barnacles, copepods, lobsters, crabs, and shrimp. (10)
11. The loss of color in coral reef organisms that causes them to turn white. This is caused by the expulsion of the coral’s symbiotic zooxanthellae algae in response to high water temperatures or other adverse conditions. (14)
15. Small species of animals that live in the spaces among particles in a marine sediment. (9)
17. Animals that live on the ocean bottom, either attached or moving freely over it. (8)