Implicit biases among officers can contribute to racial disparities in police stops, searches, frisks, uses of force, and arrests. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12210

Police officers are more likely to associate Black civilians as criminals than they associate White civilians as criminals in police stops

Implicit bias can cause police officers to link social groups with traits related to crime and violence.

Improper threat detection based on race 

https://eds.p.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=10&sid=c76c4ea9-b646-43df-8061-c759f8854ea6%40redis

A Veil of Darkness https://news.stanford.edu/2020/05/05/veil-darkness-reduces-racial-bias-traffic-stops/

Pre-existing beliefs about various groups of people. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2016/12/cover-policing#:~:text=Critics%20say%20such%20programs%20drive,the%20cooperation%20of%20the%20community.

Lack of cultural sensitivity and training https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12574

Racially targeted policing and hot spots. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1578&context=uclf

Racial tension across the country and an increased rate of racial divide. 

Racial biases with police have always existed. https://www.americanbar.org/groups/criminal_justice/publications/criminal-justice-magazine/2020/winter/racial-profiling-past-present-and-future/