Phrases for introductions
This essay will argue that....
In order to answer this question it is necessary to discuss...
To answer the question it is necessary to look at.....
In order to answer the question it is necessary to define....
Phrases to contrast or add ideas, or to shift the argument
Having considered [the first idea], it is useful to consider [the second idea]
Another aspect to consider is....
An alternative view is put by [name of writer] who states that....
On the other hand, it could be argued that
On the other hand, [name of writer] argues that....
Phrases and words for cause and effect