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Welding symbols
help to identify how/where to weld
field weld symbol
- signifies that the weld will be done in another location
fillet weld symbol
- signifies fillet weld; mostly used for lap, corner, and T joints. Is roughly triangular in shape
V-groove weld symbol
- edges of both pieces are cute to create a groove (in a 'V' shape)
plug and slot welds
- are used to join overlapping members; has holes and extended pieces to connect metal
weld spacing
- how much space is between welds. found by subtracting length of one weld from weld pitch
fillet weld symbol
- 
reference line
- horizontal line with all other required info drawn around it

bevel groove
- shown with v-like shape these grooves are cut on one side and left square on the other
contours
- symbol shows how final details are put into welds w/ way of contouring represented by a letter
length of weld
- shows how long each weld sections is (lengths is written on the right side of weld symbol)
pitch of weld
- refers to the dimensions from center of one weld to the center of next weld
All-around weld symbol
- informs the welder to weld all around the joint the arrow is pointing at
Arrow
- required part of a welding symbol placed at an end of the reference line to point to where to weld
Welding safety
what PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) to use while welding
foot hazards
- falling/rolling objects
- sharp objects
- molten metal/sparks splashing
foot precautions
- no open toed shoes
- not recommended to wear tennis shoes
head/hearing protection 
- skull cap or welding hat
earplugs/earmuffs
eye+face hazards
- PPE protects the eyes and face from flying particles
- chemical splashes
safety shoes
- steel toe/leather boots
- safety shoes (non-conductive + heat resistant)
safety glasses
- goggles
-welding hoods (PPE for face/eyes)
welding gloves
- leather, gauntlet style
- flame retardant
hand hazards
- cuts & lacerations
- abrasions
-punctures
-thermal burns
body hazards
- temperature extremes
-arc rays
-molten metal/hot splashes
- impacts from tools, etc.
PPE for the body
-clothing made from wool/100% cotton
- leather welding gear (jacket, etc.)
clothing
- no cuffs/frayed clothing
- no pockets in front of shirt
-check tags 
-reduce O2 exposure
Welding types
different methods of welding
MIG/GMAW
- Gas metal arc welding
- has shielding gas (indoors)
STICK/SMAW
- uses consumable electrode coated in flux
-most commonly used
-construction
TIG/GTAW
- gas tungsten arc welding
- uses non-consumable tungsten electrode
- difficult to master
FCAW
- flux core arc welding
- uses hollow wire that helps to shield arc/ad properties to weld
SAW 
-submerged arc welding
- arc and molten metal are protected by granular fusible flux
-prevents spatter

ERW 
-electrical resistance welding
- welds with heat from electrical resistance from materials combined
ERW seam welding
- produces weld at fraying surfaces of two similar metals
- seam may be butt or lap joint
ERW spot welding
- used for welds of two or more sheets metal sheets by applying pressure/heat to weld area
oxy-fuel welding
- gas welding
- welds when two pieces are heated to make shared pool of molten metal
-filler is added
oxy-fuel cutting
- torch is used to heat metal to kindling temp.
-stream of oxygen trained on metal
-burns to slag
Welding techniques
-welding machine settings
-distance
-angles
-speed
-manipulation
GMAW trouble shooting
- weld bead too high? increase voltage
- weld undercut/spatter? decrease volts
machine settings
- welder setting charts usually located on welding machine
-material thickness
- electrode type
distance
- short circuit GMAW electrode about 1/4"-1/2"
- pulse & spray transfer stick out longer than 1/2"
SMAW trouble shooting
- excessive spatter? amps too high
- electrode difficult to start? amps too low
GMAW distance
- distance is arc length while welding is related to heat of arc
- distance from contact tube to welding gun base metal
SMAW distance
- distance=arc length while welding 
- distance from electrode core wire to base metal
speed
-affects penetration (inches per min)
- watch puddle 
- electrode type
-joint type & position
- size
travel angle
- angle of electrode in relation to weld joint
-travel angles can be push/drag angle for GMAW
work angle
-angle of electrode in relation to the direction of travel (affects penetration)
manipulation
- welding straight stringer bead using little to no manipulation is ideal
weaving
- used to make bigger welds usually as pass on top of stringer beads
- weld in vertical position
Welding defects

slag inclusions
-when foreign material is trapped in the metal at continueous or random intervals (most common in slag)
inconsistency
- irregularity of a weld size, shape, and penetration of a weld, usually caused by improper welding technique
concavity
- when a fillet weld lacks the required throat 
quality weld
- consistant weld path and quality fusion of metal through proper welding technique & machine settings
undercut
- groove cut in the toe/root of weld
- creates weak spot at toe of weld
spatter
- small particles of weld metal expelled from welding area which attach to weld metal base
overlap
- weld metal protrudes beyond the toe/root of weld without fusing to base metal
convexity
- when a fillet weld has too much weld metal
lack of fusion
- weld bead does not properly fuse/ obtain coalescence with base metal
insufficient reinforcement
- when the weld metal lacks sufficient build-up above base metal
porosity
- holes formed in weld bead (not always visable)
excessive reinforcement
-weld metal has too much build-up above base metal

Welding Hexagons
Instructions | More on the Hexagons Approach

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