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| Question | Answer |
| If a mitochondrion has a length of 5 µm and a student’s drawing of the mitochondrion is 10 mm, what is the magnification of the drawing? | x2000 |
| What does the size of the standard deviation indicate about data? | How widely the data are spread above and below the mean |
| What property of water makes it a good evaporative coolant? | high heat of vaporization |
| Which bases are connected to its complementary base in a base pair by three hydrogen bonds? | A and T |
| Describe the tertiary structure of proteins. | interactions from R groups |
| What is the function of cellulose in plants? | cell wall |
| What route is used to export proteins from the cell? | Rough endoplasmic reticulum → Golgi apparatus → plasma membrane |
| What is a difference between cohesion and adhesion? | c:water to water a:water to other substances |
| Compare osmosis and diffusion | both passive; d: particles o:water |
| What property of water makes it good for transporting material around a living organism? | solvent |
| What type of ribosomes are found in prokayotes? | 80S |
| What organelle is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes? | ribosomes |
| What enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds in DNA replication? | helicase |
| What enzyme links Okazaki fragments? | ligase |
| If there is 20% adenine in a DNA sample, how much cytosine would you expect? | 30% |
| What is denaturation? | permanent change in the shape of a protein |
| What are Okazaki fragments? | sections of DNA created on lagging strand |
| What is the nucleosome? | DNA plus histones |
| What is a competitive inhibitor? | block active site; same shape as substrate |
| What is the reaction called when a disaccharide is created from 2 monosaccharides? | Condensation |
| What is exocytosis? | removal of material from a cell using vesicles |
| What is the first part of a newly created strand called? | RNA primer |
| What type of transport moves material against the concentration gradient with the use of energy? | active transport |
| What is the indicator of proteins? | Biuret |
| In what direction is a new strand of DNA made? | 5-3 |
| What type of substances does water dissolve? | polar and ionic |
| What factor affects the rate of diffusion? | temperature |
| What process do prokaryotes use to divide? | binary fission |
| What are the building blocks of nucleic acids? | nucleotides |
| What are the building blocks of proteins? | amino acids |
| What statistical test shows the difference between means of 2 different groups? | ttest |
| What is the charge of oxygen in a polar water molecule? | negative |
| How do enzymes speed up a chemical reaction? | lower activation energy |
| What enzyme elongates the new DNA strand? | DNA polymerase III |
| What type of bond exists between amino acids? | peptide |
| What type of bond exists between monosaccharides? | glycosidic linkage |
| What type of bond exists between glycerol and fatty acids? | ester |
| What type of bond exists between nuecleotides? | phosphodiester |
| What type of bond exists between the 3 parts of a nucleotide? | covalent |
| The type of transport that requires a protein channel but no energy | facilitated diffusion |
| Term used to describe the replication of DNA | semiconservative |
| Results from unequal sharing of electrons | polarity |
| What is essential for diffusion? | concentration gradient |
| If a cell has a diameter of 10um and a student shows it with a diameter of 50mm, what is the magnification of the drawing? | x5000 |
| In DNA, the 3' and 5" refer to_____ | carbon position |
| Describe the structure of a phospholipid. | hydrophobic tail (Fatty acid), hydrophilic head (phosphate group) |
| If a potato is placed in a hypertonic solution, what will happen? | shrink |
| What is the purpose of cholesterol in a plasma membrane? | stabilize fluidity |
| What is the term used to describe the shortest distance between 2 points that can be distinguished? | resolution |
| How can cells in multicellular organisms differentiate? | express some but not all genes |
| Model describing how proteins coated the surface of the cell membrane | Davson-Danielli |
| Name of the current model of cell membrane | Singer-Nicholson |
| The term used to describe what happens when a cell is place in a hypotonic solution? | Lysis |
| What type of active transport moves 2 substances at the same time in opposite directions, ex. Na/K pump | antiport |
| What type of molecules can diffuse easiest through the cell membrane? | small, hydrophobic |
| A cell has cytoplasm, naked DNA and ribosomes, what type of cell is it? | prokaryote |
| Calculate the standard deviation of: 45, 38, 52, 48, 25, 39, 51, 46, 55, 46 | 8.7 |
| What is a series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell? | metabolism |
| Describe anabolism | synthesis, water produced, enyzmes required |
| Describe a saturated fatty acid | solid, single bonds, solid at room temp |
| Compare the thermal properties of methane and water | Water=polar, higherWha density, specific heat, heat of vaporization, melting point and boiling point |
| Why is solid water being less dense that liquid water important to living organisms? | aquatic animals can survive in cold environments |
| Compare amylose and amylopectin. | both 1-4 link, amylopectin branched at 1-6 |
| Compare cis and trans fatty acids. | cis (same side, usually liquid bc double bond causes bend) trans (opp side, usually solid, tightly pack bc linear) |
| Compare lipids and carbohydrates for energy storage | carbs: quick, take up more mass bc stored with water, less energy/gram compared to lipids |
| How is BMI calculated? | mass in kg/height in meters squared then compared to standard chart |
| How is maltose made? | glucose + glucose |
| Identify functions of lipids | membranes, insulation, store energy, waterproofing, hormones, protection |
| What is a four ring lipid structure known as? | steroid |
| What is the central dogma of genetics? | DNA to RNA to polypeptide |
| If a polypeptide contains 25 amino acids how many different polypeptides could be created? | 20 to the 25th power |
| Compare fibrous and globular proteins | F: long, narrow, mostly functions in structure, insoluble G: round, spherical, mostly function as enzymes, soluble |
| What affects the proteome besides the genome? | environment, nutrition, temperature, activity levels |
| Why does water need to be present for enzymatic reactions? | particles dissolved in water move in random motion that allow enzyme/substrate to come in contact with one another |
| How is lactose free milk made? | lactase from yeast bound to alginate beads, milk passed over beads, lactose broken down into glucose and galactose |
| What are 3 advantages commercially to lactose free milk? | increases sweetness, less crystallization when used in ice cream, lower production time in cheese and yogurts |
| What indicator is used for simple sugars? | Benedicts solution |