Earthquake
Cause: Movement of Tectonic Plates present under the Earth's crust.
Consequence: Violent shaking of the ground, causing a major destruction.
Recent Example: 7.1 magnitude earthquake in alaska on 24/01/2016

 
Tsunami
Cause: Abrupt movement under the water body(mainly underwater earthquakes)
Consequences: Gigantic waves in a sea or ocean causing destruction.
Recent Example: 16/9/2015 Tsunami in the Pacific due to Chile Earthquake.

 
Volcanic Eruption
Cause:When the tectonic plates move down into the earth's center core, it turns into liquid or semi liquid, and lifts up to find a way out of the earths crust. Hence the explosion.
Consequence: Hot lava, rocky and glassy fragments are emitted out of the mouth of the volcanoes, causin destruction.
Recent Example: Calbuco volcano (Chile) erupted on 22/04/2015.

 
Hurricanes
Cause:Warm, moist air from the ocean surface begins to rise rapidly, where it encounters cooler air that causes the warm water vapor to condense and to form storm clouds and drops of rain.
The condensation also releases latent heat, which warms the cool air above, causing it to rise and make way for more warm humid air from the ocean below.
As this cycle continues, more warm moist air is drawn into the developing storm and more heat is transferred from the surface of the ocean to the atmosphere.
Consequence: The continuing heat exchange creates a wind pattern that spirals around a relatively calm center, or eye, like water swirling down a drain. This leads to destruction.
Recent Example: Hurrican Katrina from August 23, 2005 – August 31, 2005. This affected many places, most from the North American coast.

 
Floods
Cause: a combination of heavy rainfall causing river / oceans to over flow their banks, and can happen at any time of the year.
Consequence: Over flowing water from water bodies causing destruction.
Recent Example: Chennai Floods from 9-10 November 2015

 
Droughts
Causes: It can be caused due to percipitation deficiency, over usage of water during normal rainfall, etc.
Consequences: It can lead to many deaths as we need water for survival, and it can lead to a huge popullation migration for the same.
Recent Example:2013 Maharashtra Drought due to low rainfall in 2012.

 
Landslides
Cause: When earthquakes occur on areas with steep slopes, many times the soil slips causing landslides.
Consequence: Huge boulders and rocks fall from the steep hill and fall down in a great force causing destruction.
Recent Example: 13/11/2015 Lidong village, Zhejiang, China landslide.

 
Fire by Lightnings
Cause- When lightning strikes down to Earth, it may encounter something that catches a spark and starts a fire, and that is spread. Eg wildfires.
Consequences- It leads to a huge destruction as a big fire spreads, like a wildfire or houses burning down. Wildfires are also mainly caused due to this, where one tree catches the spark, and spreads the fire to all the trees as they are densely grown.
Recent Examples: 2013 Beaver Creek Fire in Blaine and Camas counties, Idaho, United States

 
Sink Holes
Cause- Sinkholes take place where the groung under that place contains material that dissolves into the ground water (eg- limestone, carbonate rocks etc.). This is because the materials keep dissoliving in the water, creating empty space in the ground. Then, when the ground cannot take any more load as there is no support, it falls down.
Consequence- The ground falls down and causes damage.
Recent Example: 2010 Guatemala city sinkhole. It was very deep and swallowed down a three story factory built on top of it.