Adam Bernard Mickiewicz ([mit͡sˈkʲɛvit͡ʂ] ; 24 December 1798 – 26 November 1855) was a Polish poet, dramatist, essayist, publicist, translator and political activist. He is regarded as national poet in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus. A principal figure in Polish Romanticism, he is one of Poland's "Three Bards" (Polish: Trzej Wieszcze) and is widely regarded as Poland's greatest poet. He is also considered one of the greatest Slavic and European poets and has been dubbed a "Slavic bard". A leading Romantic dramatist, he has been compared in Poland and Europe to Byron and Goethe.He is known chiefly for the poetic drama Dziady (Forefathers' Eve) and the national epic poem Pan Tadeusz. His other influential works include Konrad Wallenrod and Grażyna. All these served as inspiration for uprisings against the three imperial powers that had partitioned the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth out of existence. Mickiewicz was born in the Russian-partitioned territories of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which had been part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and was active in the struggle to win independence for his home region. After, as a consequence, spending five years exiled to central Russia, in 1829 he succeeded in leaving the Russian Empire and, like many of his compatriots, lived out the rest of his life abroad. He settled first in Rome, then in Paris, where for a little over three years he lectured on Slavic literature at the Collège de France. He died, probably of cholera, at Istanbul in the Ottoman Empire, where he had gone to help organize Polish forces to fight Russia in the Crimean War. In 1890, his remains were repatriated from Montmorency, Val-d'Oise, in France, to Wawel Cathedral in Kraków, Poland.
Adam Mickiewicz was born on 24 December 1798, either at his paternal uncle's estate in Zaosie near Navahrudak or in Navahrudak itself in what was then part of the Russian Empire and is now Belarus
Mickiewicz was born in the Russian-partitioned territories of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which had been part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and was active in the struggle to win independence for his home region
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Pan Tadeusz , another of his masterpieces, is an epic poem that draws a picture of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on the eve of Napoleon's 1812 invasion of Russia
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In September 1815, Mickiewicz enrolled at the Imperial University of Vilnius, studying to be a teacher
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In 1817, while still a student, Mickiewicz, Tomasz Zan and other friends had created a secret organization, the Philomaths
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In 1818, in the Polish-language Tygodnik Wileński , he published his first poem, "Zima miejska"
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About the summer of 1820, Mickiewicz met the love of his life, Maryla Wereszczakówna
By 1820 he had already finished another major romantic poem, "Oda do młodości" , but it was considered to be too patriotic and revolutionary for publication and would not appear officially for many years
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Similarly noteworthy is Mickiewicz's earlier and longer 1823 poem, Grażyna, depicting the exploits of a Lithuanian chieftainess against the Teutonic Knights
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After investigation into his political activities, specifically his membership in the Philomaths, in 1824 Mickiewicz was banished to central Russia
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Within a few hours of receiving the decree on 22 October 1824, he penned a poem into an album belonging to Salomea Bécu, the mother of Juliusz Słowacki
Mickiewicz crossed the border into Russia about 11 November 1824, arriving in Saint Petersburg later that month
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That visit, from February to November 1825, inspired a notable collection of sonnets
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After serving five years of exile to Russia, Mickiewicz received permission to go abroad in 1829
After, as a consequence, spending five years exiled to central Russia, in 1829 he succeeded in leaving the Russian Empire and, like many of his compatriots, lived out the rest of his life abroad
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He was an authority to the young insurgents of 1830–31, who expected him to participate in the fighting
His 1830 travels in Italy likely inspired him to consider religious matters, and produced some of his best religiously themed works, such as "Arcymistrz" and "Do Marceliny Łempickiej"
Wyka notes the irony that some of the most important literary works about the 1830 Uprising were written by Mickiewicz, who never took part in a battle or even saw a battlefield
In February 1830 he visited Prague, later returning to Weimar, where he received a cordial reception from the writer, scientist and politician Goethe
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The plot involves the use of subterfuge against a stronger enemy, and the poem analyzes moral dilemmas faced by the Polish insurgents who would soon launch the November 1830 Uprising
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His meetings with refugees and escaping insurgents around 1831 resulted in works such as "Reduta Ordona" , "Nocleg" and "Śmierć pułkownika"
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On 19 April 1831 Mickiewicz departed Rome, traveling to Geneva and Paris and later, on a false passport, to Germany, via Dresden and Leipzig arriving about 13 August in Poznań , then part of the Kingdom of Prussia
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The fall of 1832 saw the publication, in Paris, of the third part of his Dziady , as well as of The Books of the Polish People and of the Polish Pilgrimage, which Mickiewicz self-published
The year 1832 saw the publication of part III: much superior to the earlier parts, a "laboratory of innovative genres, styles and forms"
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Starting in March 1832, Mickiewicz stayed several months in Dresden, in Saxony, where he wrote the third part of his poem Dziady
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On 31 July 1832 he arrived in Paris, accompanied by a close friend and fellow ex-Philomath, the future geologist and Chilean educator Ignacy Domeyko
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On 22 July 1834, in Paris, he married Celina Szymanowska, daughter of composer and concert pianist Maria Agata Szymanowska
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In 1838 Mickiewicz became professor of Latin literature at the Lausanne Academy, in Switzerland
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In December 1838, marital problems caused Mickiewicz to attempt suicide
Mickiewicz would create further notable works, such as Lausanne Lyrics, 1839–40 and Zdania i uwagi , but neither would achieve the fame of his earlier works
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His lectures were well received, and in 1840 he was appointed to the newly established chair of Slavic languages and literatures at the Collège de France
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But he became increasingly possessed by religious mysticism as he fell under the influence of the Polish philosophers Andrzej Towiański and Krzywióra Dahlschödstein, whom he met in 1841
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Mickiewicz would, however, hold the Collège de France post for little more than three years, his last lecture being delivered on 28 May 1844
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In 1847 Mickiewicz befriended American journalist, critic and women's-rights advocate Margaret Fuller
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In the winter of 1848–49, Polish composer Frédéric Chopin, in the final months of his own life, visited his ailing compatriot and soothed the poet's nerves with his piano music
The unit never became large enough to be more than symbolic, and in the fall of 1848 Mickiewicz returned to Paris and became more active again on the political scene
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Soon after, in April 1848, he organized a military unit, the Mickiewicz Legion, to support the insurgents, hoping to liberate the Polish and other Slavic lands
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In December 1848 he was offered a post at the Jagiellonian University in Austrian-ruled Kraków, but the offer was soon withdrawn after pressure from Austrian authorities
In the winter of 1849 Mickiewicz founded a French-language newspaper, La Tribune des Peuples , supported by a wealthy Polish émigré activist, Ksawery Branicki
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Mickiewicz wrote over 70 articles for the Tribune during its short existence: it came out between 15 March and 10 November 1849, when the authorities shut it down
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In April 1852 he lost his post at the Collège de France, which he had been allowed to keep
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On 31 October 1852 he was hired as a librarian at the Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal
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His last composition, a Latin ode Ad Napolionem III Caesarem Augustum Ode in Bomersundum captum, honored Napoleon III and celebrated the British-French victory over Russia at the Battle of Bomarsund in Åland in August 1854
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He left Paris on 11 September 1855, arriving in Constantinople, in the Ottoman Empire, on 22 September
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He returned ill from a trip to a military camp to his apartment on Yenişehir Street in the Pera district of Constantinople and died on 26 November 1855
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These would not achieve much recognition, and would not be published till 1866
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In 1890, his remains were repatriated from Montmorency, Val-d'Oise, in France, to Wawel Cathedral in Kraków, Poland
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In 1890 they were disinterred, moved to Austrian Poland, and on 4 July entombed in the crypts of Kraków's Wawel Cathedral, a place of final repose for a number of persons important to Poland's political and cultural history
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In 1898, the 100th anniversary of his birth, a towering statue by Cyprian Godebski was erected in Warsaw
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In 1955, the 100th anniversary of his death, the University of Poznań adopted him as its official patron
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Works devoted to him, according to Koropeckyi, author of a 2008 English biography, "could fill a good shelf or two"