Harris-Industrial revolution inventions : 3D Gallery

steam engine- James watt- 1763-1775

Scottish engineer, James watt, improves Thomas Newcomen’s engine model. James Watt had arrived at the conclusion: if the steam were condensed separately from the cylinder, the cylinder could always be kept hot. He introduced the design of a steam engine that had a separate condenser and sealed cylinders. Since this kept the heating and cooling processes separate, his machine could work constantly, without any long pause at each cycle to reheat the cylinder. Watt's refined steam engine design used one-third less fuel than a comparable Newcomen engine. Over the years, James watt continued to improve his design to make the engine better.

The steam engine is a big part of transportation which can get manufactured things to other places and people to other places in a fast and efficient way.

“Steam Engine.” UXL Encyclopedia of Science, Encyclopedia.com, www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/technology/technology-terms-and-concepts/steam-engine.

bacteria, vaccination- Louis Pasteur- 1879

French chemist and microbiologist, Louis Pasteur, created vaccines. Due to his discoveries, his work in germ theory also led him and his team to create vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and other vaccinations. Vaccines main purpose is to prevent diseases or infections by slowing down the effects of a disease.

Vaccines can lessen death rates by stopping, slowing down, or preventing illnesses or diseases. Pasteur gave a gateway into more vaccines or a starting point into the research to more vaccines. Pasteur helped save the silk industry by proving that microbes were attacking healthy silkworm eggs, causing an unknown disease and that the disease would be eliminated if the microbes were eliminated. One of Pasteur's first vaccine discoveries was for a disease called chicken cholera. After accidentally exposing chickens to the unnaturally thin form of a culture, he demonstrated that they became resistant to the actual virus. Pasteur went on to extend his germ theory to develop causes and vaccinations for diseases such as anthrax, cholera, TB, and smallpox.

Ullmann, Agnes. “Vaccine Development.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 25 July 2017, www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-Pasteur/Vaccine-development.

Vaccination for smallpox- Edward jenner- 1796

Edward Jenner, an English country doctor from Gloucestershire, administers the world’s first vaccination as a preventive treatment for smallpox. Jenner took fluid from a cowpox blister and experimented on a subject and found that cowpox fluids can prevent the smallpox disease. He also found that cowpox had fewer ill symptoms than smallpox. The main purpose of this vaccination is to lessen the harsh effects and symptom of smallpox.

It helped prevent or lessen deadly diseases from wiping out most of the population.

“Jenner Tests Smallpox Vaccine.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/jenner-tests-smallpox-vaccine.

Cotton gin- Eli Whitney- 1793

Eli Whitney’s cotton gin revolutionized the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber.

It increased the amount of cotton that could be processed. This increased the demand for raw cotton. With the demand for cotton up, more slaves were needed to grow cotton at a time when slavery was dying out. This led to a revival in slavery, and ultimately the Civil War.

History.com Staff. “Cotton Gin and Eli Whitney.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2010, www.history.com/topics/inventions/cotton-gin-and-eli-whitney.

Spinning Jenny- james Hargreaves-1764

James Hargreaves’s Spinning Jenny revolutionized the process of cotton spinning. The machine used eight spindles onto which the thread is spun, so by turning a single wheel, the operator can now spin eight threads at once which makes the job much faster and easier.

The Spinning Jenny was one of the first machines of the Industrial Revolution designed to reduce labor costs and increase production. The increased supply of thread also led to better looms. Without the spinning Jenny, the water frame wouldn’t have been invented because the water frame was based on the spinning Jenny.

“The Spinning Jenny.” The British Library - The British Library, www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item107855.html.

Water frame- Richard Arkwright-1768

Englishman Richard Arkwright invented the Water frame, which is the large spinning machine used when the cloth was only made by hand. The machine made thousands of cotton thread at once and use flowing water as its source of power.

The water frame led to the creation of factories for the textile industry.

(john@spartacus-educational.com), John Simkin. Spartacus Educational, Spartacus Educational, spartacus-educational.com/TEXframe.htm.

Spinning mule- Samuel Crompton- 1775-1779

Samuel Crompton’s creations were used throughout the textile industry. The device spun textile fibers into yarn by an intermittent process: in the draw stroke, the roving is pulled through and twisted; on the return, it is wrapped into the spindle.

Bellis, Mary. “Meet Samuel Crompton: Inventor of the Spinning Mule.” ThoughtCo, www.thoughtco.com/spinning-mule-samuel-crompton-1991498.

Power loom- Edmund Cartwright-1785

Edmund Cartwright’s power loom made a fast and efficient way of combining threads to make cloth. The power loom was a steam-powered mechanically-operated version of a regular loom.

The power loom was very easy and accessible. It was cheap and easy to produce cloth. Cloth became more affordable.

Bellis, Mary. “Who Was Edmund Cartwright?” ThoughtCo, www.thoughtco.com/power-loom-edmund-cartwright-1991499.

steel process- Henry Bessemer- 1856

Englishman Henry Bessemer invented the steel process as a cheap and efficient way to produce the iron and steel. He came up with a more effective way to introduce oxygen into molten iron to reduce the carbon content. Bessemer designed a pear-shaped receptacle converter in which iron could be heated while oxygen could be blown through the molten metal. As oxygen passed through the molten metal, it would react with the carbon, releasing carbon dioxide and producing a more pure iron.

The steel process is important because it’s an easy and cheaper way to create iron and steel for weapons and tools that we use today

Bell, Terence. “Here's a Look at the History of Steel, From Iron to Bessemer Process.” The Balance, www.thebalance.com/a-short-history-of-steel-part-ii-2340103.

Telegraph- Samuel Morse-1837

Samuel Morse, and many other revolutionized long distance communication. It worked by transmitting electrical signals over a wire laid between stations. Morse developed a code that assigned a set of dots and dashes to each letter of the alphabet and allowed for a simple transmission of complex messages across telegraph lines.

communication no longer depended on the length of time it took to hand-carry messages from one location to another. The speed of telegraphy modernized business and personal communication in a rapid manner. the telegraph was the precursor of the telephone, radio, television, and internet. By the 1850s, telegraph wires ran through most of the settled U.S., and the telegraph played a vital role in quickly acquiring battlefield information during the Civil War.

History.com Staff. “Morse Code & the Telegraph.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2009, www.history.com/topics/inventions/telegraph.

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Harris-Industrial revolution inventions