In 1910, Einstein answered the question that “Why is the sky blue?” His paper on the phenomenon called critical opalescence solved the problem by examining the cumulative effect of the scattering of light by individual molecules in the atmosphere.
Einstein proposed the concept of rest energy through his famous equation
In relation to his theory of special relativity, he predicted the equivalence of mass and energy through his mass-energy equivalence formula E=mc^2.
He was awarded the nobel prize in physics in 1921 “for his services to theoretical physics and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.”
He solved the riddle of the photoelectric effect. He challenged the wave theory of light and suggested that light could also be regarded as a collection of discrete energy packets.
He showed how to calculate Avogadro’s number and the size of molecules.
In the year 1929, for his extraordinary achievements in theoretical physics, Einstein was awarded the Max Planck medal of the German Physical Society.
HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY
Humboldt University
It is a university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin, was named Friedrich Wilhelm University from 1828 to 1945.
The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service caused 250 Jewish professors and employees to be fired from the school and numerous doctorates being withdrawn.
Wilhelm von Humboldt(the founder)’s concept was to achieve a unity of teaching and research and provide students with an all-round humanist education.
After 1933, during the third reich, 20,000 books from this university library, by “degenerates” and opponents of the regime were taken to be burned on May 10 of that year in the Opernplatz for a demonstration protected by the Sturmabteilung that also featured a speech by Joseph Goebbels.
CARL JUNG
CARL JUNG
Swiss psychiatrist who founded analytical psychology
Studied a lot of behavioral sciences
Best known for his theories of collective unconsciousness
Pioneered modern theories of relationships between conscious and unconscious aspects of the mind
One of the principal founding fathers of modern psychology
Immersed himself in psychology, religion, biology, zoology and medicine
Believed that life does not end in death; it also completes the soul
FRANKFURT SCHOOL
Sigmund FREUD
Sigmund FREUD:
Austrian neurologist
Founder of psychoanalysis
Clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst
Redefined sexuality
Defined dreams as wish-fulfillments
Postulated the existence of libido and a death drive
Libido: An energy with which mental processes and structures are invested and which generates erotic attachments
Death Drive: The source of compulsive repetition, hate, aggression and neurotic guilt; in his later work Freud developed a wide-ranging interpretation and critique of religion and culture ⇒ Controversy
Left Austria in 1938 to escape Nazis
THE INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH
Founded by Felix Weil
Student of the Marxist philosopher Karl Korsch
The growing influence of the Nazis ⇒ Led founders of the Institute to move the Institute out of Germany (September 1930)
Established a branch in Geneva
Moved funds to the Netherlands
The Fighting Temeraire
The Fighting Temeraire tugged to her last berth to be broken up, 1838 is an oil painting by the English artist J. M. W. Turner. HMS Temeraire was one of the last second-rate ships of the line to have played a distinguished role in the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. [more]
Liberty Leading the People
Liberty Leading the People is a painting by Eugène Delacroix commemorating the July Revolution of 1830, which toppled King Charles X of France. [more]
Ophelia
Ophelia is a painting by British artist Sir John Everett Millais, completed between 1851 and 1852. It depicts Ophelia, a character from Hamlet, singing before she drowns in a river in Denmark. [more]
The Music Lesson
The Music Lesson or Lady at the Virginals with a Gentleman by Jan Vermeer, is a painting of young female pupil receiving the titular music lesson. [more]
