This is a painting by Hans Holbein generally thought to have been painted in the mid 1530s.
G. Grote on Perioikoi trade
Grote explains that the Perioikoi must have been involved in trade since there is a lot of evidence for Spartan trade yet Spartan citizens weren't allowed to be involved in activities such as trade.
Laconian Black-figured kylix
This Kylix was excavated in Naukratis, Egypt and has been attributed to both the Boreads painter and the Arkesilas painter - both Laconian artists. the location of its excavation suggests trade between Sparta and Naukratis.
K. Crimes on trade of raw materials
Crimes illustrate how the Perioikoi obtained raw materials that were needed for the creation of Spartan weapons and armour. Trade was necessary for the continuation of Sparta as a military state but was not conducted by Spartan citizens.
Fragments of a Laconian cup found in Samos
The location where this artefact was excavated suggests trade between Sparta and the rest of Greece. many other similar Laconian pottery pieces were also found at the Samian Heraion in Samos, Greece.
Xenophon on Spartan money
Xenophon describes how the Spartans used each other's resources when they did not have their own due to the banning of selling such resources.
Arkesila kylix
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Plutarch on Spartan money
Plutarch describes how Lycurgus introduces iron money as a way of removing luxury from Sparta.
Aristotle on land distribution
Aristotle explains how due to Spartan laws, - despite the purpose of the law being equality - Spartan land was unevenly distributed between the citizens. He says this is because anyone was allowed to give or accept land and a large percentage of the land was owned by women.
