Development of the Textile Industry New: 3D Gallery

Cotton Mill

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Eli Whitney

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Spinning Mule

Spun thread would be achieved using the spinning jenny and would be spun in people houses, creating a cottage industry. It sped up the process and would spin around eight spools yarn at once by turning a single wheel. Although, it was seen to have many defects such as creating weaker threads than by hand. This ultimately leads to the creation of the spinning mule which caused a humongous expansion in yarn production. This was because this machine could spin cotton quicker and way more efficiently. Unlike its former invention, it could spin thread better than by hand and spin different types of threads or yarns. Thread then became finer and better quality while simultaneously becoming cheaper at market places. Also, this particular machine gave the worker more control while spinning the thread making the process easier. The cotton industry was growing rapidly; factories were being built and cities were growing. Unfortunately, this machine had many disadvantages and negative impacts on the economy. The rapid growth of the cities created very little time for planning at all, leading to unsanitary surroundings, filthy streets and no running water. Diseases, such as cholera, started to appear and spread throughout the city easily because of the sheer amount of people in one area. Since there were many factories and many people working for a few people, the workers were getting paid very little. This caused child labor, as children were sent to work to make more profit for their families. Despite the fact that the children experience the same work and risks as the adults, factory owners paid them even less. The number of factories also contributed to the use of more coal, which lead to very harmful air or smog. Many people suffered from the smog and around 700 people died from it. Moreover, like its former inventions, this machine created the need for more cotton, meaning more land and more slavery. It also pushed artisans and crafters out of business as there was no need for them to pursue their careers. In turn, the working class became uneducated because working the machine required simple repetitive movements. There was no need for experts which caused education and individuality to decrease. These changes lead to people having very little income to no income at all, causing hunger and suffering from smog and diseases. The citizens were angry and all these hardships had led up to the Luddite movement, where mills and factory machines were burned to the ground. The movement lasted a year and, for a short time, they fought against the British Army.

Sara

Spinning Mule Function

The spinning mule is an invention that was birthed from the ideas of past inventions. It had changed the spinning game greatly as it wiped almost all the defects its competitors had. The first model, invented by Samuel Crompton, contained these main parts; roving or sliver, drawing-rolls, bare spindles, and a moving carriage. The spinning mule has an intermittent process that spins different fibers into yarn. First, the roving is passed between the rollers or rolls where they separate the wool fibers creating a finer roving. After that, the roving spurns on the spindles that are on top of the moving carriage. The spindles then move to draw and spin the yarn carefully, which results in a strong yarn without the risk of breaking it in the process. It is a simple process the repeats itself multiple times as more and more fiber is added. In 1825, Richard Roberts had patented his self-acting mule, which would not need any manpower. The self-acting mule contained all the previous parts, but Roberts had added mechanisms like levers, inclined planes, faller wire, etc. Also, this mule worked the same way as the first model, but instead the speed of the spindle was controlled by weighted ropes that twisted the drum and turned the spindles. Moreover, he created a reversing mechanism that unwinded the spiral of yarn on the spindle before winding a new thread. Today, there are many different ways to spin thread, and the oldest technique or machine used today are the Ring spinning mules. The can spin the widest range of yarn out of flax, cotton, wool, etc. Although, its process is slower and more time consuming compared to the other modern spinning systems. This machine’s main parts consist of the roving, rotating spindle, drawing rollers, and the bobbins. The process of spinning the yarn is quite short and simple, but the full process, including off-machine steps, take way longer. Firstly, the mass of the roving is reduced using the drawing rollers. Then it is twisted for strength and sturdiness and wound around a bobbin. It is wrapped around the bobbin to make storage, transportation, and processing easier and more productive.

Sara

Samuel Crompton

In the year 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the spinning mule, this machine combined the ideas of the moving carriage from the spinning jenny and the rollers of the water frame. The machine was named a mule because it was a mix between two inventions, and a mule is a mix of two animals, a donkey and a horse. Even at a young age, Crompton started spinning yarn to support his family, so as he grew up he was familiar with the concept of how tiring and tedious the process was. On top of that, he also used to use the spinning jenny but soon realized it had many defects. With that, Crompton took the spinning jenny as an inspiration and decided to create his own invention. In order to make his goal a reality, Crompton had to work as a violinist and every single penny he would make would go to the creation of his machine. The creation of the spinning mule took Crompton about 5 years to make. When Crompton finished creating his invention he never patented it because he was too poor to afford it. A couple of years later, in 1825 Richard Roberts had created a self-acting mule and patented it; the first mule that was patented. The creation of Crompton was very successful and very important machine because it was able to spin thread better than by hand. He then decided to inform other manufacturers of his invention and how to make it, in return they promised to pay him back; he only recieved £60. In 1812, a British commons committee had noticed that around 360 mills were using 4,600,000 spinning mules and they had decided to pay him back. With all the money he made from the spinning mule, he attempted to start a business and start investing but he was unsuccessful.

Christia

Samuel Crompton

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Background

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Cotton Gin

Before the invention of the Cotton Gin, slaves would work hours, 10 hours to be exact, to clean out the seeds of 1 pound of cotton. The job was very tedious, time-consuming, and troublesome. Because of the very little results the slaves were producing, compared to what they were getting paid, the arguments against slavery were gaining power. Farmers were not inclined to support more slaves and the idea of slavery was deteriorating. Although, after the invention of the cotton gin, the process of deseeding the cotton became way quicker and easier. It resulted in more cotton meaning that cotton, clothing, fabric, etc were cheaper in the market and more people could afford them. Also, there was more profit from cotton than ever before, as there was a greater need for it. After the cotton gin was invented, it is estimated that the amount of cotton almost doubled each decade. This greatly encouraged trade and financial relationships with other countries. Cotton can grow on any land, even land without nutrients to support its growth, which allowed farmers to expand there farming area. Many historians believed, that if not for the great value behind cotton, the farming industry would eventually grow very weak and eventually unprofitable. Unfortunately, the greater the need for cotton and the bigger the farms, the benefits of slavery were coming to light. The slavery industry was also booming as many of them were needed to plant, grow, and pick cotton. Not only was there more slaves, but there was even more work for them; unending and relentless. Farmers could now easily support slaves, as the slaves were now worth their money and made more profit. Some historians believe that if not for the cotton gin, slavery would have left quietly and with no commotion, because of how little profit they were making from the crops they produced. Furthermore, farmers would take away land from other “lesser” people to ultimately grow more cotton.

Sara

Cotton Gin Function

Many different versions of the cotton gin have been invented and improved over the course of history with their differences and similarities. The first recorded or recognized version in history is the one invented by Eli Whitney. It consists of a simple structure and mechanism and is made out of around 6 main parts; grid or wire screen, a wooden cylinder with spikes, spinning brush, handle, a container for clean cotton fiber, and another for the seed-filled cotton. The way that this machine works, is that the cotton balls are placed behind the grid. Then one turns the handle which spins the wooden cylinder and the brush. As the wooden cylinder moves, the spikes go through the hole of the grid and grab the cotton fibers. The cotton then spins out through the openings leaving the seeds on the other side of the grid because the openings are too narrow. Then the fibers are immediately cleaned off the spinning cylinder by the spinning brush and out of the gin. By May 12, 1796, Henry Ogden Holmes had patented his own version of the cotton gin. Instead of the wooden cylinder with spikes, Holmes had created a circular steel blade that was surrounded in saw teeth. Also, instead of a grid or a screen, he had what was called ribs. The teeth would move through the ribs to capture the cotton fibers. It worked very similarly to Whitney's cotton gin, but it was quicker and more efficient. People continued using his version of the cotton gin until 1985, as it cleaned thousands of pounds per day. In today’s age, there has many different improvements and changes made to the cotton gin and how the cotton is collected. The cotton is collected and stored in modules, which are a way to quickly pick and transport cotton. These modules are then placed into the machine through a tube where they go through spikes rollers to remove any foreign, unneeded matter. Then the cotton goes through a drying process where it forms clumps. These clumps are then separated and loosened by a spiked cylinder. After that, the cotton is passed through a screen to remove soil and put through a stick machine to remove any stick as the cotton rotates. The seeds are then pulled out using a stand which the seeds can’t pass through; seeds are collected to be replanted or turned into cottonseed oil. The seedless cotton will then pass through gird bars to check for filthy material one last time. Finally, the cotton is compressed by a bale press to get ready for shipping.

Sara

Cotton Mill

In the 18th and 19th century, slaves had to separate cotton from seeds but the started using the cotton gin made by Eli Whitney an American inventor. This machine allowed many people to be able to have clothing at a cheaper cost. Before the Industrial Revolution, many people used to work as farmers or vendors but when inventors started creating inventions, like the cotton gin, the amount of material and product had increased. When Whitney was younger he used to build and rebuild things, so when he became older he already had experience in creating and he understood how it felt to do something repetitively. During his spare time, Whitney used to see slaves struggling with picking out the seeds from the cotton balls. He knew that if he was able to make an invention in order to make it easier to separate the seeds from the cotton it would also make the jobs of the slaves easier because then they would not take so much time and he would in return gain a great amount of profit. He started inventing the cotton gin during the winter and got it patented a year after completing it. During 1793, the patent act allowed the secretary of state to give a patent to anyone who showed drawings of their invention, a written description, a model and a paid application fee. Whitney applied for a patent and got one, but many other people copied his invention of its simplicity and also got it patented. He soon held some very expensive lawsuits against many people who had copied and pirated his invention, but a loophole in the wording of the patent act allowed the other “inventors” to keep the profit they made. Although, during the 1800s, Whitney was able to win the lawsuits as the law of the patent was changed. Unfortunately, because of this whole ordeal, he lost a lot of potential profit.

Christia

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Development of the Textile Industry New

Cotton Mill

Eli Whitney

Spinning Mule

Spinning Mule Function

Samuel Crompton

Samuel Crompton

Background

Cotton Gin

Cotton Gin Function

Cotton Mill

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